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Fw = Pw x S x A, where Fw = The total wind force, Pw = The equivalent wind pressure, S = Wind shape factor, A = Pipe exposed area. Wind pressure for various elevations will be used to calculate wind force using the following formula. Wind force is modeled as a uniform load acting upon the projected length of the pipe perpendicular to the direction of the wind.
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In horizontal pipes, these loads cause bending, and the bending moment is related to normal and shear stresses. This type of loads act throughout the life cycle of pipe. Dead Weight: It is the self weight of pipe including fluid, weight of fittings & other inline components (say valve, insulation etc.).If outer diameter is used for calculating approximate metal cross-section as Pressure well as pipe cross-section, the axial stress can often be approximated as follows : S =Pd /(4t) The internal pressure exerts an axial force equal to pressure times the internal cross section of the pipe. The pressure also induces stresses in the radial direction, but these are often neglected. Internal or external pressure induces stresses in the axial as well as circumferential ( Hoop Stress) directions. A pipe such as a jacketed pipe core or tubes in a Shell & Tube ex-changer etc. Internal/External Pressure: A pipe used for transporting fluid would be under internal pressure load.These are typically steady or sustained types of loads such as internal fluid pressure, external pressure, gravitational forces acting on the pipe such as weight of pipe and fluid, forces due to relief or blow down, pressure waves generated due to water/steam hammer effects.